police, making reports, and acceptance.

Table of Summary of literature review: Research, Researcher. Variables and Findings

Research	Researcher	Variables	Findings
The effect of Gender, age, education, income, political ideology, and region Perceptions of the Police on Crime	Welch, K. (2007); Gabbidon et al (2011); MacDonald et al, (2007); Weitzer&Tuch (1999); Tuch (1999); Warren (2008); Brunson and Gau (2011); Brunson &Gau (2011); Lee, Steinberg, and Piquero (2010); Cochran & Warren (2012)	Gender, age, education, income, political ideology, region, police perceptions	Blacks, males. Lowe level educated and ) low income Black neighborhood individuals  are more prone to engage in crime resulting into cases of victimization
Citizen attitudes toward the police	Brown and Benedict (2002); Decker’s (1981); Gordon (2009); Scaglion& Condon, 1980 ; Parker et al,(1995); Mbuba (2010); Rosenbaum, and Hawkins (2008) ; Schuck et al (2008) ; Mbuba (2010)	Citizen attitudes, police experiences	Some studies  show that that certain segments of the community will have negative opinions of the police regardless of how patrol officers behave while others refute.
Police Public image	Gallagher et al (2001); Huffman (2001); Pisano-Robertiello (2000)	Police image and public perception	The attitudinal differences to the police were most significant by race, gender, whereas the differences by prior police encounter, and academic major failed to rise to statistical significance.
Race factor in Police-public encounters	Pisano-Robertiello (2000); Mbuba (2010); Huggins (2012); Brunson &Weitzer, 2011; Skogan (2005);            Skogan (2005); Dottolo and Stewart (2008); Dottolo and Stewart (2008); Liederbach (2007); Spano and Reisig (2006); Dixon et al (2008)	Race, nature of encounter	There is complex interplay between experiences, community context, social class, and type of attitudinal assessment in understanding within and across racial and ethnic variation in residents and  actions taken by the police
Effect of higher education on police behavior	Rydberg and Terrill (2010)	Higher education, police beaviuor	There was lack of empirically tested hypotheses regarding higher education and thus concerete answer cannot be provided

Summary

This chapter has provided comprehensive literature regarding the effect of Gender, age, education, income, political ideology, and region Perceptions of the Police on Crime. Then the citizen attitude toward the police has been examined. Thirdly, the race factor in Police-public encounters  has been assessed based on the previous findings and lasltly,  the effect of higher education on police behavior has been dealt with as a topic of  future interest.

Conclusion

In summary, gender plays a major role in determining a wide  if factors under investigation regarding  public-police relationships and encounters. Finding form literature have shown that Blacks, males. Lowe level educated and low income Black neighborhood individuals are more prone to engage in crime.  It is also evident that segments of the community will have negative opinions of the police regardless of how patrol officers behave while others refute. Lastly, The attitudinal differences to the police are most significant by race, gender, whereas the differences by prior police encounter, and academic major failed to rise to statistical significance.

To determine whether these conclusions from the previous research  are valid, the following  chapter explains the procedure that this research will take to collect, analyze and present own finding  on Police Encounters based on Skin Color and Perceptions.